![]() The shear worry to the shear rate for a liquid is measured using dynamic viscosity. Unique viscosity and kinematic viscosity v are the two types of viscosity that are commonly used. These depict the growth of the liquid in various ways viscosity depends on how they are approximated nevertheless, if the liquid viscosity is known, they are compatible. ![]() = / = Types of Viscosityĭynamic and kinematic viscosities are the two distinct estimates of viscosity used to depict fluids. MºL¹T-¹is the dimensional formula for velocity.Ĭombining these traits in the preceding criteria we get The electrode wires from the reference and sensing half-cells are each connected to the voltage measuring device.Just Study 40% Syllabus and Score upto 100% Download EBook NumericallyĬoefficient of viscosity (η) = Fd/Av, where F denotes extraneous power, d denotes layer separation, and v denotes speed. The solution of constant pH ensures that the surface of the glass membrane and the electrode are at the same pH before the cell is exposed to the process solution being analyzed. The combination of the hydrated gel and the glass membrane are what make the sensor specific only to H+ ions. The change in energy associated with this substitution creates the change in electric potential that is detected by the electrode. When the sensing half-cell is placed in solution, metal ions (Na+) in the gel on the outside of the membrane diffuse out into the sample being analyzed and are replaced by H+ ions from the sample. This membrane is coated on the inside and outside with a hydrated gel. However, instead of a porous plug acting as the liquid-liquid interface between the standard and process solutions, there exists a glass membrane. ![]() A glass chamber contains an electrode (Ag/AgCl(s)), known as the internal reference electrode, which is submerged in a standard solution of constant pH. The sensing half-cell is of similar construction to the reference half-cell. less cleaning of hardened gel from containers, less corrosion of containers, etc.). Continuous pH monitoring also controls chemical usage (such as the edible acids above), resulting in minimized system maintenance (i.e. Accurate pH measurement and the precise control that it allows for helps to optimize a process and can result in increased product quality and consistency. For instance, the sensor should not be made of glass in order to avoid broken glass entering the product. In the case above, it is important that the pH sensor be made of a material that will not interfere with the quality of the product. It is also important to keep in mind that application requirements should be carefully considered a pH sensor is chosen. Continuous pH adjustment using edible acids such as citric acid yields the optimal gel consistency. Too low of a pH causes the mixture to stiffen prematurely, resulting in a nearly-solid product. Too high of a pH value results in an unacceptably runny liquid. The gel formation brought about by pectin occurs over a small pH range, which is further complicated by the concentration of sugar. This is especially important in biological systems where very minor changes in pH can result in significantly lowered production levels or even a complete stoppage of production due to the death of the organisms on which the reaction is dependent.Īn example of pH measurement's importance in industry is seen in food processing during the manufacture of fruit jelly. They can also be used to monitor the conditions of a reactor to ensure optimal conditions. In industry pH sensors can be used as a simple way to monitor reactions involving acids or bases as either a reactant or product of a chemical process. Knowing the pH of a solution is valuable to an analytical chemist attempting to determine the contents of an unknown solution, as well as a farmer trying to determine the appropriate applications to his fields and many people in between. ![]() PH sensors, while being relatively simple pieces of equipment, have numerous uses. Why is pH Relevant for Chemical Engineering? This effective concentration is the concentration used when calculating pH. These interactions may prevent some of the H + ions from contributing to the acidity of the solution, and thus decrease the effective concentration of H + ions. The activity coefficient accounts for the interactions between all the ions present.
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